硝化抑制剂对枸杞园土壤的作用效果研究

通过室内恒温培养试验，筛选出效果最佳的硝化抑制剂剂型及剂量并应用于枸杞园土壤，研究其对枸杞产量及品质的影响。室内恒温培养试验供试硝化抑制剂为2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)、双氰胺(DCD)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)，共设17个处理：未添加硝化抑制剂(CK)，添加Nitrapyrin(纯氮量的0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%)，添加DMPP(纯氮量的0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%)，添加DCD(纯氮量的1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、3.5%、4.0%和5.0%)。结果表明：在砂土的培养中，三者硝化抑制效果表现为DMPP≥Nitrapyrin＞DCD；DMPP和Nitrapyrin的硝化抑制率分别为71.90%~75.17%和4.83%~77.28%。但由于DMPP的价格(240~360元·kg^-1)及用量均高于Nitrapyrin(155元·kg^-1)，故选择纯氮量0.5%的Nitrapyrin应用于大田试验。田间试验设置4个处理：农民习惯施肥为SF100，SFN100、SFN80及SFN60处理是在SF100处理基础上分别减少0%、40%、60%的枸杞专用肥同时添加纯氮量为0.5%浓度的Nitrapyrin。结果表明：田间试验中施用Nitrapyrin处理的产量较SF100处理分别提高了6.67%，5.80%及3.52%，同时与SF100处理相比，SFN100处理的多糖及蛋白质含量分别提高了16.22%及8.67%。综合经济效益及生态效益，浓度为纯氮量0.5%的Nitrapyrin为最佳处理。在大田试验中施用Nitrapyrin同时减少枸杞专用肥的用量，枸杞产量及效益均有所提高，且蛋白质及多糖含量有显著增加。因此，可初步认为硝化抑制剂的施用对枸杞的种植有“减肥增效”的作用。     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型，因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中，ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性，21世纪以来不断进化，除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外，还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球，造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程，着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制，以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

伐地那非增加EGCG-β-乳球蛋白纳米粒对肝癌细胞的抑制作用

较高浓度的EGCG才能抑制癌细胞的增殖,通过纳米化和EGCG与其他药物的联合使用是提高EGCG生物活性的重要策略。本研究将EGCG和伐地那非（VD）同时包埋于β-乳球蛋白（β-Lg）纳米载体中,制备出EGCG-VD-β-Lg纳米粒（EVβ-NPs）,体外试验证实,EVβ-NPs能提高人肝癌细胞（HepG2细胞）中Caspase-3活性,使HepG2细胞在S期产生明显的阻滞,诱发细胞核分裂,从而导致HepG2细胞凋亡。研究结果表明,将EGCG与微量的VD联合使用,并通过纳米化包埋可以显著提高EGCG的抗癌活性。这一方法在EGCG抗癌制品的开发方面具有潜在的价值。     

探究姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制作用

研究旨在了解不同浓度姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制效果及对菌丝形态结构的影响,以此初步获得最适合的抑制病原菌的植物粗提取液浓度。以姜和大蒜粗提取液为供试材料,测定不同浓度2种粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长情况、孢子浓度、孢子萌发率及菌丝结构的影响。结果表明,2种粗提取液均能抑制并降低尖孢镰刀菌的生长速率、孢子浓度和孢子萌发率,且大蒜粗提取液比姜粗提取液抑制效果更显著,在低浓度下对菌丝形态结构的影响也比姜粗提取液明显,大蒜粗提取液在各浓度下与对照相比均达极显著差异,且大蒜浓度为0.4 g/mL时对尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发率抑制达100%。该试验证实大蒜对甘蓝枯萎病菌有极显著抑制作用,为使用间种或轮作大蒜进行田间防治甘蓝枯萎病菌提供了参考。     

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

枯草芽胞杆菌Y13挥发性物质的分析及抑菌活性

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis Y13是一株高效广谱的生防菌，对油茶主要病害具有较好的生防效果，试验表明其发酵产生的挥发性物质对油茶炭疽病菌有较好的抑制作用。对菌株Y13产生的挥发性物质进行定性定量分析，并测定其抑菌活性，为油茶病害无公害防治及药剂开发提供理论依据。采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）收集并分析Y13挥发性物质成分，购买相应挥发性物质纯品，采用双皿倒扣法测定其抑菌活性。Y13挥发性物质对10种植物病原真菌抑菌率在19.2%～83.9%，其中挥发性物质对果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌活性最强，抑菌率达到83.9%；检测其中10种挥发性化合物纯品对果生炭疽菌的抑菌活性发现，除了正十八烷外，其他9种挥发性化合物纯品均具有不同程度的抑菌活性；筛选出的4种高效抑菌挥发性化合物纯品对7种常见的油茶病原真菌的抑菌活性检测结果表明，4种挥发性化合物纯品（10 μL/平板）对7种常见的油茶病原真菌均具有较好的抑菌活性，抑菌活性壬醛 > 苯甲醛 > 3-甲基-4-苯基吡唑 > 苯丙噻唑。Y13挥发性物质对油茶主要病害病原菌有很好的抑制作用，具有一定的研究意义和良好的开发价值。     

太子参须提取物对鸭流感病毒体外试验初探

为尝试性探究太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长的抑制作用,本文基于TCID50试验检测鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外感染不同处理组的MDCK细胞。结果表明,太子参须提取物高低剂量组(75%、25%)和黄芪多糖阳性对照组均对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长产生抑制,且太子参须提取物高剂量组(75%)的抑制作用最优。结论:太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的体外增殖具有一定抑制作用,且呈相应剂量关系。     

高海拔林区林下培菌生产鸡腿菇的研究初报

在500m～1200m高海拔林场内进行“林下培菌”生产仿野生鸡腿菇的研究，结果证明，较之传统大棚或菇房设施化栽培，林下培菌生产仿野生鸡腿菇无需占用耕地，彻底解决了当地鸡腿菇栽培中的“菇粮争地”矛盾；可节省出菇棚等固定资产投资70％以上；另外生物学效率为149％，较之传统菇棚栽培提高40％左右；产出的菇品明显具有野生菇的口感和风味。另外，菌糠废料直接被林地树根就地分解利用，提高了林地土壤肥力，改善了林地土壤结构，提高了林地生产力，减少了人工处理菌糠废料的费用，同时，由于保湿的需要以及出菇管理人员的频繁出入林场操作和巡视，最大限度地降低了森林火险的发生概率。     

A survey on the use of rugs in Australian horses

The practice of horse rugging has important implications for horse welfare and performance, but in Australia, rugging practices have not been properly documented. The objective of this study was to obtain an understanding of Australian horse rugging practices. An online survey reviewed the management of 2659 Australian horses over 12 months. Of the reported horses a total of 84.8% were rugged, although most owners (69.5%) indicated that they were unsure whether horses needed to be rugged at all. Rugging was felt by 59.8% of owners to be a requirement for horses in competition. Riding and competition were significantly associated with the use of rugs. Nearly all respondents (89.0%) felt that ‘over-rugging’ was a concern. However, 4.8% of owners would use up to 4 rugs at any one time on their horse and 21.4% of horses were still rugged in temperatures above 20°C in Australia. Many Australian horse owners (42.8%) also believe that horses feel cold if they are not rugged. Anthropomorphism when it comes to rugging horses cannot be justified as the horse has a much wider thermoneutral zone (TNZ) than humans. Australian climate, owner opinions, equestrian discipline and whether a horse is used for riding influence Australian horse rugging practices. However, current practices are based on limited available research and are not necessarily to the benefit of the horse. The major limitation was that the survey likely attracted respondents who are interested in the topic creating a self-selection bias.